[圖資] 媒體服務942期末考重點整理 (兼942期末考考題)
媒體服務942期末考重點整理
兼期末考考題(藍色題目皆是)
保存的概念
Preservation in American Public Libraries
為何公共圖書館須注意到維護的問題? Why
- 因為公共圖書館是短期、高流通性,所以需要保存
High circulation, shorter-term – need preservation - 圖書館館藏──良好的資源管理保護是一種投資
Library collection – an investment, and good resource management demands its protection。 - 保留經費給予其他用途 (如配置給受損的資源)
Free up some money for other use (placements for damaged resources)。
公共圖書館因為短期高流動率地使用館藏,所以需要良好的保護資源管理,因此經費的一部分應該播給資源的維護。
公共圖書館館藏保存未受到重視之因: Why not?
- 圖書館館藏的天性
Nature of library collections:- 圖書館太小 smaller
- 圖書太新不夠古老 newer
- 跟其他的圖書館比起來,缺乏獨特性 (所以不被重視) less unique than other types of lib
- 只著重在使用上,而忽略保存的動作 focusing on current use
- 缺乏充分的時間、經費、以及專業知識
Lack sufficient resources of time, money, and expertise - 圖書館看那些易損壞、需要的資料,他們會當作是國家、社會的問題。不認為自己能夠解決。
Librarians view the dangers to materials as “a national and societal problem。
公共圖書館如何做好保存的工作:How?
需求→人員→進行
- 指出自己有保存的需求
Identify its preservation needs - 指定特定的人員或員工(團體或個人)來擔任這個責任
Assign the responsibility to someone or staff- 技術服務(透過委員會的方式委任)
Technical service
- 技術服務(透過委員會的方式委任)
- 進行保存工作
Implement preservation activities:- 分為回溯性的工作
Explain retrospective and - 與預防性的工作
Preventive activities
- 分為回溯性的工作
什麼是回溯性工作?
What are the retrospective activities in preservation
回溯性工作分成兩個部份:修復與改變儲存媒介(reformat)
- 修復的重點
Repairing
安全→材料→空間→訓練→裝訂→解釋- 沒有傷害性且可復原的
No-damaging and reversible
例如國外將書籍拆開並表框的作法,是具有傷害性(要經過熱高壓)且不可復原的 - 使用合適的材料來修復
Use of appropriate materials for repairing
不會讓修復對象敏感、受到損害 - 準備空間存放待維修的書籍(或帶子)
Storage space for books (or tapes) for repair - 維修訓練
Training for repair - 交給商業界所裝訂的方式,應該要符合圖書館的標準
Commercial binder should follow library standards- 請裝訂公司解釋各種裝訂方式的優缺點(pros, cons, )
Binders explain various binding options
- 請裝訂公司解釋各種裝訂方式的優缺點(pros, cons, )
- 沒有傷害性且可復原的
- 重新改編、重組 Reformatting
轉化→志工- 轉化成電子資源(微縮影片)
make electronic copy - 訓練執行這作業的志工
Train volunteers for reformatting works
- 轉化成電子資源(微縮影片)
圖書館的維護方式中,要如何維護館內環境?
What are the preventive activities in preservation? Housekeeping
食物、垃圾→架子離4吋→空調→例行
- 食物飲料勿入
Food and drink prohibited - 定期清理垃圾
Remove trash daily - 擺置資料的架子:最好離地面4吋以上
Bottom shelves: more than 4 inch from floors- 通風
- 避免地面溼氣、溫度影響
- 空氣濾清裝置
Filter the air to control pollution - 每天固定檢視例行的清潔工作
Review cleaning procedures regularly
如何建立圖書館的維護計畫?
計畫 →危險地→成本→空間→保險
- 建立應急計劃
Establish a plan for emergencies - 探知相關圖書館可能遇到的災害與可能發生的地點
- 調查冷凍、乾燥、運送設備的費用成本
Investigate costs for freezing(冷凍), drying(乾燥) and transportation(運送) facilities. - 保留處理區域,供緊急處理時候使用
Plan amount and location of space needed for salvage。 - 了解圖書館中哪些項目包含在保險條款中
館藏維護之挑戰
Current and Emerging Challenges for the Future of Library and Archival Preservation
確保取得性、完整性、以及永久性所面臨之現況與挑戰
Ensuring the Accessibility…
從三個角度,提出三種問題層面
- 圖書資訊研究會議 Council on Library and Information Research –
影響圖書館長期保存努力意願的,是對於數位科技的不確定感,而並非技術的問題。 - 國家數位保存議題
National digital preservation ill -
緊急處理準備不周 prepared(準備不週) to emerging demands - 大學的電子學位論文 Campus –
electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) –
保存的比較好的設施
為何電子資源不適合作為長期保存媒介?
Ensuring the Accessibility... However, it is not yet a long-term preservation medium
品質不夠高,無法派上用場
保存試聽館藏在現代化圖書館面臨哪些問題?
Preserving Audio-visual Collections
- 長久保存影音資料也是個問題
Preservation of audio-visual collections – problematic - 實行的時候會遇到著作權法問題。例如將類比資料轉換成數位資料→重製權的問題
Impediment: copyright law - 著作權法允許為保存而重製,但不允許為散佈而重製
Copyright law allows copying for preservation purposes but not for widespread distribution - 技術與媒體衰退議題(重製的輪迴)─→數位典藏
Technical and media obsolescence issues – 數位典藏 - 矛盾的挑戰──要遵守著作權法,但又要讓使用者使用、保存多媒體
Challenging in obeying copyright raw, offering digital access mechanism, maintaining multiple formats… - 缺乏保存的研究
Lack of research in preservation - 技術上的問題:為支援重製與維護記述,需要技術人員、專業訓練與教育
Technical problems: technician, professional training, education from supporting reformatting and maintenance - 老舊的媒體成為人類遺產的一部份
Dead (old) media represent a portion of the human records
圖書館設備方面的保存面臨哪些挑戰?
The deterioration of library facilities
- 設備老化
Aging of facilities - 缺乏建築包裝,沒有氣氛控制、壽命與館藏安全政策(看不太懂)
Poor building envelopes, lack of climate control, life and collection safety policy - 沒有大規模維護、更新與建築的決心
Decisions about large maintenance, renovation, and construction – very weak.老舊建築無法因應天災,危及館藏 - 電腦工作站的需要安裝與更新
The installation of computer workstations,…資訊相關設施, requires construction and renovation - 可預測的危險事件:配管工程、配電工程、安裝工程、天花板、焊接
Predictable hazards come from plumbing, electrical, installation, roofing, welding ( 焊接). - 觀察並將不常使用的館藏收入倉庫
Perceptions - warehouses for little-used collections
圖書館保存方面人員的訓練與教育面臨哪些挑戰?
Educating and training preservation and conservation professionals
- 保存管理需要持續的傳統技巧與服務──尤其是對珍有書籍的保存
A continuing need for the traditional skills and services for conservation administrators – rare book conservations - 圖書館裝訂與研究機構改變的關聯性
Relationship between library binders and research institutes changed - 數位技術──使19、20世紀減量期刊印刷是可行的
Digital technology – making 19th, 20th century model of print serials less viable - 館藏政策偏好更多電子期刊而多於印刷期刊;裝訂工作著重在論文而大於期刊 (因為希望期刊電子化的緣故)
Collection policies favor greater numbers of electronic serials over prints, emphasis on binding for monographs rather than serials- 論文的裝訂──平裝本多於精裝本 (這跟挑戰有關係嗎?)
Binding for monographs – paper-back (平裝本) rather than hardbound (精裝本) - 隨選列印服務影響圖書館的取得的工作 (所以呢?)
Print-on-demand services affect library acquisition operations
- 論文的裝訂──平裝本多於精裝本 (這跟挑戰有關係嗎?)
- 保存管理的裝訂作業──跟增加的過程有關係
The preservation administrator’s binding operations – tied to acquisition process - 視聽資料的數位重製與保存需要提升保存機關、系統機關等的合作關係
Digital reformatting and preservation for AV requires increasing cooperation between preservation offices, systems offices, and … - 對於傳統與數位保存來說,都需要具備技術性保存管理的能力
Need for technologically savvy preservation administrators – for traditional and digital preservation - 印刷或是數位資源都需要更多訓練以進行保存管理
Need for more training to manage preservation for both print and digital resources
錄影帶的維護概要
Videotape Preservation Fact Sheet
維護、保存與修復之間的差異何在?
Preservation, Conservation & Restoration之差異何在
- 維護:創造適合且安全環境的活動與機制,包括環境監視、經費募集...
Preservation: Activities and functions to produce a suitable and safe environment, including environmental monitoring, raising funds, …. - 保存:預防資源受到傷害或是劣化
Conservation: prevent further damage or deterioration - 修復:儘可能地讓已經受損的錄影帶恢復到原本的狀況
Restoration: return a deteriorated tape as nearly as possible to its original condition
説明錄影帶之組成
- 背殼
Backcoat:- 細黑炭
Thin carbon-black - 防止磁場影響,固定內層防止滑動
Prevents the build-up of electro-static charge. Encourages layers cling to each other, deters slippages
- 細黑炭
- 基膜
Basefilm- 材質:PET或PEN
PET or PEN - 塑膠可能會因為緊繃度、溫度、濕度而改變長度
Polyester will change length due to changes in tension, temp, RH - 為了可以更長久保存,請固定、降溫、乾燥、遠離紫外線
Stable, cool, dry, away from UV – longer life expectancy
- 材質:PET或PEN
- 磁力塗料
Magnetic coating- 磁粒、包裝、潤滑劑、磁頭清理劑
Magnetic particles, binder, lubricant, head cleaning agent. - 強度:金屬 > 氧化鐵
Coercivity(強度): metal > iron oxide
- 磁粒、包裝、潤滑劑、磁頭清理劑
- 包裝
Binder- 有些包裝很容易損壞
some binders degrade easily - 水解(化學反應)──遠離空氣的潮濕
Hydrolysis (chemical reaction) – moisture from the air
- 有些包裝很容易損壞
專業數位錄影帶如何挑戰類比錄影帶的錄製?
問題→測試、追蹤→修正→除錯迴路
- 面對與克服的問題:
- 無法估計毀損的情形
- 影像或聲音的錯誤直接被複製
- 評估紀錄的品質,可以在短時間內測量資料的錯誤
To assess quality of recording, data error can be measured in short time - 定期測試是可以被實作的
Periodical testing can be done - 可以在任何時候追蹤錯誤率
The error rate can be tracked over time - 藉由錯誤修正系統,可以修正錯誤
Errors can be corrected by error correction schemes- 當錯誤率上升的時候,會執行錯誤隱藏功能
When error rates increase, error concealment come into play - 隱藏:用「猜測」遺失位元的方法,隱藏那些無法修正的錯誤
Concealment: electronics hide irrecoverable information by “guessing” the missing bits - 這些修正在螢幕上是看不到的
This is invisible on a video monitor - 當錯誤率低於隱藏功能發生的等級時,數位檔案將會繼續複製
The digital archival should be copied when their error rated - below the level where concealment occurs.
- 當錯誤率上升的時候,會執行錯誤隱藏功能
- 在複製的時候,除錯迴路將會確保複製的檔案與原本的檔案相同
During the copying process, the error corrections circuits (除錯迴路)are employed to ensure the copy is a clone of the original
錄影帶長期的儲存,溫度與溼度的需求如何?
- 20度C, RH 20-30%;
- 15度C, RH 20-40%;
- 10度C, RH 20-50%;
※污染物 Contaminants
污染物包括:生物、微粒、氣體
Contaminants contain: biological, particulate, and gaseous.
- What are the examples of biological contaminants?
Biological: 人的指紋摸到、皮膚及化妝品剝落;食物、飲料;都會黏著其他污染源菌類:黴菌(清理黴菌的清潔劑 Tape清潔劑,使用需要注意以免對Tape造成傷害) - What are the examples of gaseous contaminants?
Gaseous: 香水、廢氣、氨氣、氯化氫 from 清潔劑 - What are the examples of particulate contaminants?
Particulate: 灰塵、煙、泡棉 from 地毯、窗簾、包裝材質
災難 Disaster
三種傷害→暴露、印刷、損失→預防
- 三種主要的傷害:物理變型、化學腐蝕、表面污染
Three most common results from disaster for tapes: physical deformation, chemical decay, and surface contamination - 縮短暴露在危險的時間,尤其是沒有警示號誌的時候
Short-term exposure to disaster – no detectable alteration of signal - 印刷時的災難──當暴露在高溫的時候,磁粒的效果會弱化。
Print-through – when expose to high temp, magnetic particles degradation, - 災難造成的損失:錄影帶的實體性質被改變
Losses from disaster: alteration in the physical characteristics of the tapes- 例如:無法正常播放
Inability to run the tape properly
- 例如:無法正常播放
- 在永久傷害發生之前,應該要修正這些問題
Problems should be corrected before permanent damages occur.
災難回應步驟
Disaster Response Procedures
遠離→潮濕(發霉、低溫、蒸餾水)→
- 錄影帶應該遠離污染源
Tapes should be removed from the site to avoid further contamination - 潮濕的錄影帶應該避免發霉
Wet tapes should be prevented from mold growing - 潮濕的錄影帶在合適的處理之前,應該要擺置在低溫的環境
Keep wet tapes in a cool environment until they can be treated appropriately - 只使用冰的蒸餾水來清洗受到水傷害的錄影帶
Use only cold, distilled water to rinse water-damage tape - 所有潮濕的厚紙板,包括標籤,應該趕快遠離錄影帶
All wet cardboard, excluding labels shall be removed from the vicinity of tape quickly - 因火災或地震而受損的錄影帶應該被分開存放,直到他修復完成
Contaminated tapes (from fire or earthquake) should be isolated until decontamination is completed. - 重新拆除、組裝,清除不乾淨的地方
Hubs, cassettes, cartridges and reels many need to be disassembled and decontaminated or replaced. - 為了能夠正確地操作媒體,標籤資訊是很重要的
Maintaining intellectual control over the materials. Label information is important.
運送錄影帶 Transporting tapes
在館藏設備之外的運送 Outside the collection facility
- 無法確定運作過程能夠確實掌握運輸流程的情況下,不要出借
Tapes with permanent value shall not be loaned or shipped without proper handling or transporting procedures - 船運應該快速完成
Shipping should be accomplished as fast as possible - 船運不會受到水的侵害、不會有髒東西進入、防震。不要用保麗龍,那會產生碎屑(用泡泡紙)。
Shipping containers should be resistant to water and dust. Shark protecting materials should be free from breaking apart to contaminate tapes - 用沒有傷害性的膠帶包裝
Outer wrap of tapes shall be secured by use of non-destructive tapes. - 不要透過輸送帶傳送,會受到馬達內的磁場影響到本身的磁粉排列狀況
必須要使用輸送帶的時候,確保外殼有2.5mm的厚度
Conveyor-belt systems shall not be used to move tape (avoiding magnetic field of the motor may adversely affect magnetic tape).