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[圖資] 媒體服務942期末考重點整理

6月 13, 2006 3 Comments Edit Copy Download

保存的概念
Preservation in American Public Libraries

為何公共圖書館須注意到維護的問題? Why

  • 因為公共圖書館是短期、高流通性,所以需要保存
    High circulation, shorter-term – need preservation
  • 圖書館館藏──良好的資源管理保護是一種投資
    Library collection – an investment, and good resource management demands its protection。
  • 保留經費給予其他用途 (如配置給受損的資源)
    Free up some money for other use (placements for damaged resources)。

公共圖書館因為短期高流動率地使用館藏,所以需要良好的保護資源管理,因此經費的一部分應該播給資源的維護。

公共圖書館館藏保存未受到重視之因: Why not?

  • 圖書館館藏的天性
    Nature of library collections:
    • 圖書館太小 smaller
    • 圖書太新不夠古老 newer
    • 跟其他的圖書館比起來,缺乏獨特性 (所以不被重視) less unique than other types of lib
    • 只專注在使用上 focusing on current use
  • 缺乏充分的時間、經費、以及專業知識
    Lack sufficient resources of time, money, and expertise
  • 圖書館看那些易損壞、需要的資料,他們會當作是國家、社會的問題。不認為自己能夠解決。
    Librarians view the dangers to materials as “a national and societal problem。

公共圖書館如何做好保存的工作:How?

  • 指出保存的需求
    Identify its preservation needs
  • 指定特定的人員或員工(團體或個人)來擔任這個責任
    Assign the responsibility to someone or staff
    • 技術服務(透過委員會的方式委任)
      Technical service
  • 進行保存工作
    Implement preservation activities:
    • 分為回溯性的工作
      Explain retrospective and
    • 與預防性的工作
      Preventive activities

什麼是回溯性工作?
What are the retrospective activities in preservation

回溯性工作分成兩個部份:修復與改變儲存媒介(reformat)

  • 修復的重點 Repairing
    • 沒有傷害性且可復原的
      No-damaging and reversible
      例如國外將書籍拆開並表框的作法,是具有傷害性(要經過熱高壓)且不可復原的
    • 使用合適的材料來修復
      Use of appropriate materials for repairing
      不會讓修復對象敏感、受到損害
    • 準備空間存放待維修的書籍(或帶子)
      Storage space for books (or tapes) for repair
    • 維修訓練
      Training for repair
    • 交給商業界所裝訂的方式,應該要符合圖書館的標準
      Commercial binder should follow library standards
    • 請裝訂公司解釋各種裝訂方式的優缺點(pros, cons, )
      Binders explain various binding options
  • 重新改編、重組 Reformatting
    • 轉化成電子資源(微縮影片)
      make electronic copy
    • 訓練執行這作業的志工
      Train volunteers for reformatting works

圖書館的維護方式中,要如何維護館內環境?
What are the preventive activities in preservation? Housekeeping

  • 食物飲料勿入
    Food and drink prohibited
  • 定期清理垃圾
    Remove trash daily
  • 擺置資料的架子:最好離地面4吋以上
    Bottom shelves: more than 4 inch from floors
    • 通風
    • 避免地面溼氣、溫度影響
  • 空氣濾清裝置
    Filter the air to control pollution
  • 每天固定檢視例行的清潔工作
    Review cleaning procedures regularly

如何建立圖書館的維護計畫?

  • 建立應急計劃
    Establish a plan for emergencies
  • 探知相關圖書館可能遇到的災害與可能發生的地點
  • 調查冷凍、乾燥、運送設備的費用成本
    Investigate costs for freezing(冷凍), drying(乾燥) and transportation(運送) facilities.
  • 保留處理區域,供緊急處理時候使用
    Plan amount and location of space needed for salvage。
  • 了解圖書館中哪些項目包含在保險條款中

館藏維護之挑戰
Current and Emerging Challenges for the Future of Library and Archival Preservation

確保取得性、完整性、以及永久性所面臨之現況與挑戰
Ensuring the Accessibility…

從三個角度,提出三種問題層面

  • 圖書資訊研究會議 Council on Library and Information Research –
    影響圖書館長期保存努力意願的,是對於數位科技的不確定感,而並非技術的問題。
  • 國家數位保存議題 National digital preservation ill -
    緊急處理準備不周 prepared(準備不週) to emerging demands
  • 大學的電子學位論文 Campus – electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) –
    保存的比較好的設施

為何電子資源不適合作為長期保存媒介?
Ensuring the Accessibility... However, it is not yet a long-term preservation medium

品質不夠高,無法派上用場

保存試聽館藏在現代化圖書館面臨哪些問題?
Preserving Audio-visual Collections

  • 長久保存影音資料也是個問題
    Preservation of audio-visual collections – problematic
  • 實行的時候會遇到著作權法問題。例如將類比資料轉換成數位資料→重製權的問題
    Impediment: copyright law
  • 著作權法允許為保存而重製,但不允許為散佈而重製
    Copyright law allows copying for preservation purposes but not for widespread distribution
  • 技術與媒體衰退議題(重製的輪迴)─→數位典藏
    Technical and media obsolescence issues – 數位典藏
  • 矛盾的挑戰──要遵守著作權法,但又要讓使用者使用、保存多媒體
    Challenging in obeying copyright raw, offering digital access mechanism, maintaining multiple formats…
  • 缺乏保存的研究
    Lack of research in preservation
  • 技術上的問題:為支援重製與維護記述,需要技術人員、專業訓練與教育
    Technical problems: technician, professional training, education from supporting reformatting and maintenance
  • 老舊的媒體成為人類遺產的一部份
    Dead (old) media represent a portion of the human records

圖書館設備方面的保存面臨哪些挑戰?
The deterioration of library facilities

  • 設備老化
    Aging of facilities
  • 缺乏建築包裝,沒有氣氛控制、壽命與館藏安全政策(看不太懂)
    Poor building envelopes, lack of climate control, life and collection safety policy
  • 沒有大規模維護、更新與建築的決心
    Decisions about large maintenance, renovation, and construction – very weak.老舊建築無法因應天災,危及館藏
  • 電腦工作站的需要安裝與更新
    The installation of computer workstations,…資訊相關設施, requires construction and renovation
  • 可預測的危險事件:配管工程、配電工程、安裝工程、天花板、焊接
    Predictable hazards come from plumbing, electrical, installation, roofing, welding ( 焊接).
  • 觀察並將不常使用的館藏收入倉庫
    Perceptions - warehouses for little-used collections

圖書館保存方面人員的訓練與教育面臨哪些挑戰?
Educating and training preservation and conservation professionals

  • 保存管理需要持續的傳統技巧與服務──尤其是對珍有書籍的保存
    A continuing need for the traditional skills and services for conservation administrators – rare book conservations
  • 圖書館裝訂與研究機構改變的關聯性
    Relationship between library binders and research institutes changed
  • 數位技術──使19、20世紀減量期刊印刷是可行的
    Digital technology – making 19th, 20th century model of print serials less viable
  • 館藏政策偏好更多電子期刊而多於印刷期刊;裝訂工作著重在論文而大於期刊 (因為希望期刊電子化的緣故)
    Collection policies favor greater numbers of electronic serials over prints, emphasis on binding for monographs rather than serials
    • 論文的裝訂──平裝本多於精裝本 (這跟挑戰有關係嗎?)
      Binding for monographs – paper-back (平裝本) rather than hardbound (精裝本)
    • 隨選列印服務影響圖書館的取得的工作 (所以呢?)
      Print-on-demand services affect library acquisition operations
  • 保存管理的裝訂作業──跟增加的過程有關係
    The preservation administrator’s binding operations – tied to acquisition process
  • 視聽資料的數位重製與保存需要提升保存機關、系統機關等的合作關係
    Digital reformatting and preservation for AV requires increasing cooperation between preservation offices, systems offices, and …
  • 對於傳統與數位保存來說,都需要具備技術性保存管理的能力
    Need for technologically savvy preservation administrators – for traditional and digital preservation
  • 印刷或是數位資源都需要更多訓練以進行保存管理
    Need for more training to manage preservation for both print and digital resources

錄影帶的維護概要
Videotape Preservation Fact Sheet

維護、保存與修復之間的差異何在?
Preservation, Conservation & Restoration之差異何在

  • 維護:創造適合且安全環境的活動與機制,包括環境監視、經費募集...
    Preservation: Activities and functions to produce a suitable and safe environment, including environmental monitoring, raising funds, ….
  • 保存:預防資源受到傷害或是劣化
    Conservation: prevent further damage or deterioration
  • 修復:儘可能地讓已經受損的錄影帶恢復到原本的狀況
    Restoration: return a deteriorated tape as nearly as possible to its original condition

説明錄影帶之組成

  • 背殼
    Backcoat:
    • 細黑炭
      Thin carbon-black
    • 防止磁場影響,固定內層防止滑動
      Prevents the build-up of electro-static charge. Encourages layers cling to each other, deters slippages
  • 基膜
    Basefilm
    • 材質:PET或PEN
      PET or PEN
    • 塑膠可能會因為緊繃度、溫度、濕度而改變長度
      Polyester will change length due to changes in tension, temp, RH
    • 為了可以更長久保存,請固定、降溫、乾燥、遠離紫外線
      Stable, cool, dry, away from UV – longer life expectancy
  • 磁力塗料
    Magnetic coating
    • 磁粒、包裝、潤滑劑、磁頭清理劑
      Magnetic particles, binder, lubricant, head cleaning agent.
    • 強度:金屬 > 氧化鐵
      Coercivity(強度): metal > iron oxide
  • 包裝
    Binder
    • 有些包裝很容易損壞
      some binders degrade easily
    • 水解(化學反應)──遠離空氣的潮濕
      Hydrolysis (chemical reaction) – moisture from the air

專業數位錄影帶如何挑戰類比錄影帶的錄製?

  • 面對與克服的問題:
    • 無法估計毀損的情形
    • 影像或聲音的錯誤直接被複製
  • 評估紀錄的品質,可以在短時間內測量資料的錯誤
    To assess quality of recording, data error can be measured in short time
  • 定期測試是可以被實作的
    Periodical testing can be done
  • 可以在任何時候追蹤錯誤率
    The error rate can be tracked over time
  • 藉由錯誤修正系統,可以修正錯誤
    Errors can be corrected by error correction schemes
  • 當錯誤率上升的時候,會執行錯誤隱藏功能
    When error rates increase, error concealment come into play
  • 隱藏:用「猜測」遺失位元的方法,隱藏那些無法修正的錯誤
    Concealment: electronics hide irrecoverable information by “guessing” the missing bits
  • 這些修正在螢幕上是看不到的
    This is invisible on a video monitor
  • 當錯誤率低於隱藏功能發生的等級時,數位檔案將會繼續複製
    The digital archival should be copied when their error rated - below the level where concealment occurs.
  • 在複製的時候,除錯迴路將會確保複製的檔案與原本的檔案相同
    During the copying process, the error corrections circuits (除錯迴路)are employed to ensure the copy is a clone of the original

錄影帶長期的儲存,溫度與溼度的需求如何?

  • 20度C, RH 20-30%;
  • 15度C, RH 20-40%;
  • 10度C, RH 20-50%;

※污染物 Contaminants

污染物包括:生物、微粒、氣體
Contaminants contain: biological, particulate, and gaseous.

  • What are the examples of biological contaminants?
    Biological: 人的指紋摸到、皮膚及化妝品剝落;食物、飲料;都會黏著其他污染源菌類:黴菌(清理黴菌的清潔劑 Tape清潔劑,使用需要注意以免對Tape造成傷害)
  • What are the examples of gaseous contaminants?
    Gaseous: 香水、廢氣、氨氣、氯化氫 from 清潔劑
  • What are the examples of particulate contaminants?
    Particulate: 灰塵、煙、泡棉 from 地毯、窗簾、包裝材質

災難 Disaster

  • 三種主要的傷害:物理變型、化學腐蝕、表面污染
    Three most common results from disaster for tapes: physical deformation, chemical decay, and surface contamination
  • 縮短暴露在危險的時間,尤其是沒有警示號誌的時候
    Short-term exposure to disaster – no detectable alteration of signal
  • 印刷時的災難──當暴露在高溫的時候,磁粒的效果會弱化。
    Print-through – when expose to high temp, magnetic particles degradation,
  • 災難造成的損失:錄影帶的實體性質被改變
    Losses from disaster: alteration in the physical characteristics of the tapes
    • 例如:無法正常播放
      Inability to run the tape properly
  • 在永久傷害發生之前,應該要修正這些問題
    Problems should be corrected before permanent damages occur.

災難回應步驟
Disaster Response Procedures

  • 錄影帶應該遠離污染源
    Tapes should be removed from the site to avoid further contamination
  • 潮濕的錄影帶應該避免發霉
    Wet tapes should be prevented from mold growing
  • 潮濕的錄影帶在合適的處理之前,應該要擺置在低溫的環境
    Keep wet tapes in a cool environment until they can be treated appropriately
  • 只使用冰的蒸餾水來清洗受到水傷害的錄影帶
    Use only cold, distilled water to rinse water-damage tape
  • 所有潮濕的厚紙板,包括標籤,應該趕快遠離錄影帶
    All wet cardboard, excluding labels shall be removed from the vicinity of tape quickly
  • 因火災或地震而受損的錄影帶應該被分開存放,直到他修復完成
    Contaminated tapes (from fire or earthquake) should be isolated until decontamination is completed.
  • 重新拆除、組裝,清除不乾淨的地方
    Hubs, cassettes, cartridges and reels many need to be disassembled and decontaminated or replaced.
  • 為了能夠正確地操作媒體,標籤資訊是很重要的
    Maintaining intellectual control over the materials. Label information is important.

運送錄影帶 Transporting tapes

在館藏設備之外的運送 Outside the collection facility

  • 無法確定運作過程能夠確實掌握運輸流程的情況下,不要出借
    Tapes with permanent value shall not be loaned or shipped without proper handling or transporting procedures
  • 船運應該快速完成
    Shipping should be accomplished as fast as possible
  • 船運不會受到水的侵害、不會有髒東西進入、防震。不要用保麗龍,那會產生碎屑(用泡泡紙)。
    Shipping containers should be resistant to water and dust. Shark protecting materials should be free from breaking apart to contaminate tapes
  • 用沒有傷害性的膠帶包裝
    Outer wrap of tapes shall be secured by use of non-destructive tapes.
  • 不要透過輸送帶傳送,會受到馬達內的磁場影響到本身的磁粉排列狀況
    必須要使用輸送帶的時候,確保外殼有2.5mm的厚度
    Conveyor-belt systems shall not be used to move tape (avoiding magnetic field of the motor may adversely affect magnetic tape).

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